In order to improve the real-time performance and maintainability of high-speed railway track monitoring system, a thread-based wireless sensor network is utilized to realize real-time acquisition, aggregation and remote transmission of track status. Time synchronization sleep control strategy and threshold-based data acquisition strategy are adopted to improve the reliability of the monitoring system. Through system simulation and network performance test, the system can monitor the rail status of high-speed railway in real time and effectively. This work has practical significance for rail safety and railway transportation.